Judea
After the Israelites left Egypt and conquered the Promised Land, God gave the tribe of Judah its portion of land. According to Joshua 15, its borders extended southward to Edom, eastward to the Dead Sea, northward to Jerusalem, and westward to the Mediterranean Sea. Eventually, this portion of land took on the name of the tribe that inhabited it—Judah. The Old Testament refers to the “mountains of Judah,” the “wilderness of Judah,” and the “cities of Judah.”
The boundaries of Judah changed throughout history as neighboring nations retreated from, or conquered, portions of Judah. In 587 B.C., the Babylonians conquered Judah, destroying much of its capital city, Jerusalem, including its walls and temple. Many of the inhabitants of Judah were th
en taken (exiled) to Babylon, while the land of Judah became a Babylonian province (a large area under the rule of the Babylonians).
Several years later, after the Medes and Persians had conquered Babylon, Cyrus (King of Persia) allowed the Jews to return to their homeland to rebuild their Temple. In Ezra 5:8, this territory was called “the province of Judea,” and included “Jews” from various tribes. [The New Testament refers to many faithful Jews (such as Anna, Paul, and Barnabas) who were not from the tribe of Judah, but of tribes such as Asher, Benjamin, and Levi. Thus, after Babylonian captivity, the term “Jew” came to refer to all of the descendants of Abraham, Issac, and Jacob, regardless of which tribe they descended from.]
In the time of Christ, about 500 years after the Jews’ return from Babylon, the region of Judea (which was now under Roman control) extended as far south as Gaza and as far north as Joppa (roughly 50 miles). It also measured about 50 miles from east to west (from the Mediterranean Sea to the Dead Sea). Judea was basically south of Samaria and west of the Jordan River. However, Judea’s territory also extended a little into the eastern side of the Jordan. The New Testament calls this area “the region of Judea beyond the Jordan” (Matthew 19:1).
M
any may think that Jesus spent a lot of time in Judea since He was born there (in the town of Bethlehem) and died there (in Jerusalem), but He actually spent most of His time in Galilee. In fact, Galilee is mentioned by name many more times in the Gospel accounts than Judea and Samaria combined. Yet, all three regions of Palestine played important roles in the life of Christ, and especially in the early church.
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